Steps to Perform a Penetration Test on Active Directory 🛡️

The steps below form the basis for an AD penetration test. It is important to act ethically and always obtain permission before conducting a pentest. This ensures you stay within legal and moral boundaries and avoid potential legal issues.

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  1. Preparation and Reconnaissance 🔍
    • Gather information about the target, such as domain names, IP addresses, and network structure.
    • Use tools like Nmap to identify network services and open ports.
  2. Initial Access 🚪
    • Gain access to the network through weak passwords, phishing attacks, or vulnerable services.
    • Tools like CrackMapExec can help identify weak passwords.
  3. Enumeration 📋
    • Collect detailed information about the AD environment, such as users, groups, computers, and policies.
    • Use tools like BloodHound and PowerView for this purpose.
  4. Lateral Movement 🔄
    • Move laterally through the network to access more sensitive systems and data.
    • Techniques like Pass-the-Hash and Pass-the-Ticket can be used to reuse authentication credentials.
  5. Privilege Escalation ⬆️
    • Elevate your privileges to gain access to administrator accounts and sensitive data.
    • Look for misconfigurations and vulnerabilities that allow privilege escalation.
  6. Persistence 🔒
    • Implement methods to maintain long-term access to the network, even after reboots or reconfigurations.
    • Techniques include creating backdoor accounts or modifying Group Policy Objects (GPOs).
  7. Exfiltration 📤
    • Exfiltrate sensitive data from the network without being detected.
    • Use encrypted channels and avoid detection by security systems.
  8. Reporting 📝
    • Document all findings, vulnerabilities, and recommendations in a detailed report.
    • Ensure the report is understandable for both technical and non-technical readers.